VOCABULARY
1 ABBREVIATION:
An abbreviation is derived from Latin
word “brevis”, meaning short is a
shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method. It may consist of a group of
letters or words taken from the full version of the word or phrase. It can not
be read as a word.
Some types of abbreviations are
acronyms (which are pronounceable), initialisms (using initials only), or
grammatical contractions or crasis.
EG: ATM is an abbreviation form of
“Automated Teller Machine”
More examples: BBC, BPO, B SC, CBSE,
DFO, IRS, NGO, RRB, SBI, TRB, UAE, USA, etc…
2 ACRONYM:
An acronym is a word or name formed
as a type of abbreviation from the initial components of a phrase or a word,
usually individual letters. It is also the shorten form of words like
abbreviation, But acronym letters can be readable as a word.
In other words an abbreviation may be
any type of shortened form, such as words with the middle omitted. for example,
Rd for road or Dr for Doctor, an acronym is a word formed from the first letter
or first few letters of each word in a phrase such as sonar, created from sound
navigation and ranging.
EG: W H O is an abbreviation of “World Health
Organisation” and it can be read as “WHO”, hence it turned into an acronym.
More examples: AIR, CAT, ISRO, NEET,
NEWS, PIN, RADAR, RAM, ROM, SIM, SONAR, UNESCO, etc…
3 ANAGRAM:
An anagram is a word or phrase formed
by rearranging the letters of a different word or phrase, typically using all
the original letters exactly once.[1]
For example, the word anagram can be
rearranged into nag a ram, or the word binary into brainy or the word adobe
into abode.
More examples: Below – Elbow, Lemon –
Melon, Post – Stop, etc…
·
An
anagram may also be a synonym of the original word.
For example: "evil" =
"vile", "pat" = "tap", "a gentleman" =
"elegant man", "eleven plus two" = "twelve plus
one", etc…
·
An
anagram that means the opposite of the original word or phrase is called an
"antigram".
For example: “Listen” = “Silent”,
"restful" = "fluster", "funeral" = "real
fun", "adultery" = "true lady", "customers"
= "store scum" etc…
4 ANTONYM:
An antonym is a word that has the
opposite meaning of another word.
EG: alive = dead, dry = wet, hot =
cold, left = right, near = far, up =
down, Rich = poor, small = big, young =
old, etc…
There are three categories of
antonyms identified by the nature of the relationship between the opposed
meanings.
1.
Where
the two words have definitions that lie on a continuous spectrum of meaning,
they are gradable antonyms.
EXAMPLE: Temperature is such a
continuous spectrum so hot and cold, two meanings on opposite ends of the
spectrum, are gradable antonyms.
EG: heavy : light, fat : skinny, dark
: light, young : old, early : late, empty : full, dull : interesting.
2.
Where
the meanings do not lie on a continuous spectrum and the words have no other
lexical relationship, they are complementary antonyms.
EG: mortal :
immortal, exit : entrance, exhale : inhale, occupied : vacant
3.
Where
the two meanings are opposite only within the context of their relationship,
they are relational antonyms.
EG: husband : wife, doctor : patient,
predator : prey, teach : learn, servant : master, come : go, parent : child.
5 SYNONYMS:
The word comes from Ancient Greek
sunōnumos, from sun- meaning 'with' + onoma meaning 'name'
A synonym is a word or phrase that
means exactly or nearly the same as another lexeme (word or phrase) in the same
language. Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous, and the state of
being a synonym is called synonymy.
For example, the words begin, start,
commence, and initiate are all synonyms of one another. Words are typically
synonymous in one particular sense:
Synonyms can be nouns, verbs, adverbs
or adjectives, but both words must be of the same
6 PALINDROME:
The word “palindrome” is derived from the Greek roots “palin” means
"again" and “dromos” means
"way, direction".
A palindrome is a word, number,
phrase, or other sequence of characters which reads the same backward as
forward,
EG: Civic, Dad, Eye, Kayak, Level,
Mom, Madam, Malayalam, Nun, Radar, Refer, Tenet, etc…
7 HOMOPHONES:
The term homophone comes
from Greek ‘homo-’ (meaning: same) and ‘-phone’ (meaning: sound or voice), so
the word literarly means same sound
Homophones are two or more words that sound
the same (identical pronunciation), but have different meanings and spellings.
These words are often spelt differently.
EG: Brake – Break, Check –
Cheque, Desert - dessert, Flour – Flower, Hair – Hare, Peace – Piece, Rain –
Reign, Sea-See, Son – Sun, etc…
8 HOMONYMS:
The word “Homonyms” derives
from the greek word “(homonymos” meaning “having the same name”.
homonyms, broadly defined,
are words which sounds same and spelled same, but have different meanings.
EG: Book – Book, Iron –
Iron, Kind – Kind, Letter – Letter, Match – Match, Park – Park, Play – Play,
etc…
9 HOMOGRAPHS:
A homograph (from the Greek:
“homós” means "same" and
“gráphō” means "write") is a
word that shares the same written form as another word but has a different
meaning.[
In other words Homographs
means the words have same spelling but the meaning and pronunciations are
different
EG: Bow – Bow, Lead – Lead,
Live – Live, Project – Project, Read – Read
10 COLLOCATION:
A familiar grouping of words
which appears together because of their habitual use and thus creating the same
meaning is called collocation. Suppose, when we say heavy rain instead of big
or strong rain, it conveys the meaning that it is raining heavily.
Some collocations are
follows:
according to, afraid of, ashamed
of, aware of, bad at, capable of, confident of, due to, different from, exposed
to, •fed up with, fond of, frightened of, full of, good at, good for,
interested in, involved in, keen on, Pleased with, Prepared for, Proud of,
Ready for, Responsible for, Successful of, Tired of, Used to, etc…
11 EPONYM:
An eponym is a person (real or
fictitious) from whom something is said to take its name. The word is
back-formed from "eponymous", from the Greek "eponymos"
meaning "giving name".
In other words An eponym is a person,
place, or thing after whom or after which something is named, or believed to be
named. The adjectives derived from eponym include eponymous and eponymic.
eponymous has been used to mean "named after its central character or
creator".
For example, Elizabeth I of England
is the eponym of the Elizabethan era, and "the eponymous founder of the
Ford Motor Company" refers to Henry Ford.
Augustus Caesar, Roman emperor – by
whom the month of August was named.
Gabriel Fahrenheit, German physicist –
the founder of Fahrenheit measurement
Enzo
Ferrari, Italian businessman – the founder of Ferrari car company.
Rudolf Diesel, the german mechanical
engineer – Diesel
Oscar Pierce, US wheat former and a
fruit grower – Oscar
12 PSEUDONYM:
A pseudonym is a fictitious name used
to conceal someone's real name. The pseudonym of an author is a pen name and
the pseudonym of an actor is a stage name or screen name. A pseudonym can also
be an alias used by people or groups, like sports stars or criminals.
Here are examples of pen names with
the pseudonym
•Boz - Charles Dickens
•Elia - Charles Lamb
•Ellis Bell - Emily Bronte
•Kennilworthy Whisp - J.K. Rowling